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Alexander Potebnja
Alexander Potebnja (Russian Александр Афанасьевич Потебня; Ukrainian Олександр Опанасович Потебня) was a Russian-Ukrainian philosopher and linguist active in the Russian Empire, who was a professor of linguistics at the University of Kharkiv.〔(N Kerecuk. 2006. "Potebnja, Alexander (1835–1891)" )〕〔Kerecuk N (2000). ‘Consciousness in Potebnja’s theory of language.’ In Histoire E´ piste´mologie. Language, vol. XII, fascicule 2. 81–95.〕〔Kess J F (1988). ‘Review of ‘‘John Fizer: Alexander A. Potebnja’s psycholinguistic theory of literature; a metacritical inquiry’’.’ In Revue Canadienne des Slavistes, Vol. XXX. No. 3. 408–409〕 He is well known as a specialist in the evolution of Russian phonetics. He also translated part of Homer's Odyssey into Ukrainian.〔GEORGE Y. SHEVELOV. 1994. Homer's Arbitration in a Ukrainian Linguistic Controversy: Alexander Potebnja and Peter Niščyns´kyj. Harvard Ukrainian Studies Vol. 18, No. 1/2, UKRAINIAN PHILOLOGY AND LINGUISTICS (June 1994), pp. 104-116 ()〕 He constructed a theory of language and consciousness that later influenced the thinking of his countryman the Psychologist Lev Vygotsky.〔JOHN FIZER. 1982. Potebnja's Views of the Structure of the Work of Poetic Art: A Critical Retrospection. Harvard Ukrainian Studies. Vol. 6, No. 1 (March 1982), pp. 5-24 ()〕 His main work was "Language and Thought" (''mysl' i jazyk'') (1862).〔Potebnia O O (1862/2007). Thought and language. Kerecuk N (trans.). (translation (English and Portuguese), including full bibliography. )〕 he was a corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, the foremost academic institution in the Russian Empire.
==Life and career==
Alexander Potebnja was born into a noble family in 1835 on his family's khutir Manev, near the village of Havrylivka in Romny county, Poltava oblast . He received his primary education in the Polish school of the city of Radom. He studied law, history, and philology at Kharkiv University (PH D, 1874). In the early 1860s he was active in the Ukrainophile Kharkiv hromada, wrote a Ukrainian primer for Sunday schools, and took part in folklore expeditions in Poltava and Okhtyrka counties. His teachers were the brothers Peter and Nikolai Lavrov and Professor Ambrose Metlinsky. He graduated from the University in 1856, served briefly a teacher of literature at a school in Kharkiv, and then in 1861 he defended his master thesis "Certain characters in the Slavic folk poetry," before beginning to lecture at the University of Kharkiv. In 1862 he published his work "Thought and Language", and in the same year he went on a trip abroad. He attended lectures at the University of Berlin, he studied Sanskrit and visited several Slavic countries. In 1874 he defended his doctoral dissertation entitled "Notes on Russian Grammar". In 1875 he became a professor at Kharkiv University. He also presided over the Kharkiv Historical-Philological Society (1877–90) and was a member of the Czech Scientific Society (from 1887).
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